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The term "data breach" refers specifically to an incident where unauthorized individuals gain access to sensitive data. This includes situations where personal information, financial details, or any other confidential data is exposed to individuals who do not have permission to access it. Data breaches can occur through various means, such as hacking, insider threats, or inadequate security measures.

Understanding the implications of a data breach is critical, as it can lead to identity theft, financial loss, and a breach of privacy for individuals and organizations alike. This term encompasses a wide range of incidents and highlights the importance of robust security protocols to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access.

The other options describe different scenarios that do not align with the definition of a data breach. Backing up data is a preventive measure, software failures refer to operational issues rather than unauthorized access, and phishing attacks are a method used to trick individuals into sharing sensitive information, but they do not inherently involve gaining access to data already stored.